Gordon D. Brown and Siamon Gordon. Immune recognition: A new receptor for B- glucans. Brief Communications. Nature 413, 36-37 (6 September 2001) | doi:10.1038/35092620
Key finding: Beta-glucans stimulate antitumor and antimicrobial activity
How does it help your skin: Yeast Beta 1-3 Glucan helps increase resistance to infections
"The carbohydrate polymers known as B-1,3-d-glucans exert potent effects on the immune system — stimulating antitumour and antimicrobial activity, for example — by binding to receptors on macrophages and other white blood cells and activating them. Although B-glucans are known to bind to receptors, such as complement receptor 3, there is evidence that another B-glucan receptor is present on macrophages. Here we identify this unknown receptor as dectin-1, a finding that provides new insights into the innate immune recognition of B-glucans."
Julia J. Volmana, Julian D. Ramakersa and Jogchum Plat. Dietary modulation of immune function by β-glucans. Physiology & Behavior. 2008 May;94(2):276-84
Key finding: Dietary beta-glucans may be a useful means to prepare the host immune system and increase resistance against invading pathogens.
How does it help your skin: Yeast Beta 1-3 Glucan helps increase resistance to infections.
"The immune response can be modulated by nutrients like β-glucans, which are glucose polymers that are major structural components of the cell wall of yeast, fungi, and bacteria, but also of cereals like oat and barley. There is a lot of structural variation in the β-glucans from these different sources, which may influence their physiological functions. In this review the current status concerning possibilities to modulate immune function by β-glucans is discussed. In vitro as well as in vivo studies in animals and humans show that especially β-glucans derived from fungi and yeast have immune modulating properties. Most frequently evaluated are effects on leukocyte activity, which has been suggested to contribute to the increased resistance against infections observed after β-glucan interventions. Although most studies supply the β-glucans parenteral (e.g. intravenous or subcutaneous), also enteral administrated (dietary) β-glucan influence the immune response. Although more human studies are needed, it is tempting to suggest that dietary β-glucans may be a useful tool to prime the host immune system and increase resistance against invading pathogens."
Berdal M, Appelbom HI, Eikrem JH, Lund A, Zykova S, Busund LT, Seljelid R, Jenssen T. Aminated beta-1,3-D-glucan improves wound healing in diabetic db/db mice. Wound Repair Regen. 2007 Nov-Dec;15(6):825-32.
Key finding: Aminated beta-1,3-D-glucan (AG) stimulates wound healing in diabetes.
How does it help your skin: Beta 1, 3-D-glucan improves wound healing.
"Delayed wound healing in diabetes is caused by neuropathy, vascular changes, and impaired cellular response to the injury. Macrophages are crucial in normal wound healing, and impaired functions of these cells have been shown in diabetes. beta-1,3-D-glucans stimulate macrophage function. This open-label study was performed to see if aminated beta-1,3-D-glucan (AG) stimulates wound healing in diabetes. Four groups (1-4) of diabetic db/db mice and one nondiabetic control group, db/+(5) were studied: group 1 (n=11): topical AG; group 2 (n=10): topical AG and subcutaneous insulin; group 3 (n=14): topical placebo and subcutaneous insulin; group 4 (n=10): diabetic control (placebo); group 5 (n=12): normal control (placebo). At the end of the experiments fasting blood glucose and A1C were (mean +/- SE) as follows: Group 1: 30.5 +/- 1.9 mmol/L and 11.3 +/- 0.6%; group 2: 12.0 +/- 1.7 mmol/L and 8.0 +/- 0.6%; group 3: 15.4 +/- 2.4 mmol/L and 7.4 +/- 0.3%; group 4: 32.6 +/- 2.6 mmol/L and 12.3 +/- 0.6%; group 5: 7.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/L and 3.9 +/- 0.04%, respectively. The closed wound area was the same in group 1 (AG alone) and group 2 (AG plus insulin) after 17 days, 57.3 +/- 4.7 vs. 50.1 +/- 4.9% (p=0.7).The results of these two groups were superior to group 3 (insulin treatment alone, 32.0 +/- 4.3%, p<0.001) and diabetic controls (38.2 +/- 5.1%, p=0.001). The macrophage-stimulant AG improves wound healing in db/db mice."
K. Babíčeka, I. Čechováa, R.R. Simonb, M. Harwoodb, C and D.J. Cox.Toxicological assessment of a particulate yeast (1,3/1,6)-β-d-glucan in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2007 Sept.; 45(9):1719-30.
Key finding: No adverse or toxic effects were observed after subchronic oral administration WGP® 3–6, a yeast-derived β-glucan ingredient.
How does it help your skin: Beta-glucan does not have any adverse or toxic effects.
"This study investigates the toxicity of WGP® 3–6, a yeast-derived β-glucan ingredient, during single-dose acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies in rats. For the acute study, Fisher-344 rats were administered WGP® 3–6 via gavage at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight, and any evidence of toxicity was monitored over a 14-day period. WGP® 3–6 was well tolerated, indicating that the LD50 value is greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight. For the sub-chronic study, Fisher-344 rats (10/sex/group) were randomly allocated to receive daily gavage treatment with WGP® 3–6 at doses of 0, 2, 33.3, or 100 mg/kg body weight. Control and high-dose satellite recovery groups of each sex also were included. Full toxicological monitoring and endpoint investigations were performed throughout and upon completion of the study. No negative effects on animal weights or food consumption attributable to WGP® 3–6 were evident at any dose. In addition, no mortality, clinical pathology, functional/behavioral, microscopic, or gross observations indicating toxicity were observed. Sporadic changes in some biochemical and hematological parameters were observed; however, since the effects were within the physiological ranges in historical controls, were not dose–responsive, or were not observed in both sexes, they were determined to be of no toxicological significance. In conclusion, no adverse or toxic effects were observed after subchronic oral administration of 2, 33.3, or 100 mg/kg body weight/day of WGP® 3–6 in Fisher-344 rats, and therefore, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 100 mg/kg body weight/day, the highest dose tested, was determined."
K. Schronerova, M. Babincova, E. Machova, G. Kogan. Carboxymethylated (1 –> 3)-β-D-Glucan Protects Liposomes Against Ultraviolet Light-Induced Lipid Peroxidation. Journal of Medicinal Food. March 1, 2007, 10(1): 189-193.
Key finding: (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan is an antioxidant.
How does it help your skin: Yeast Beta 1-3 Glucan can protect against free radical damage
"In this study we have analyzed antioxidant capabilities of the carboxymethylated (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan (Mw = 5.88 × 105) against lipid peroxidation induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation—UVA (320–400 nm), which is known to produce mainly singlet oxygen, 1O2 . Lipid peroxidation was monitored by measuring the absorption spectra of the conjugated dienes and quantified by Klein oxidation index. The results imply that the (1 → 3)-β-D-Glucan derivative studied is an antioxidant with the scavenging ability lying between α-tocopherol and hyaluronic acid. Thus, glucan as a potential safe and effective dietary supplement may be used for a prolonged time for a systemic photoprotection of humans."
Izgü F, Altinbay D, Türeli AE. In vitro activity of panomycocin, a novel exo-beta-1,3-glucanase isolated from Pichia anomala NCYC 434, against dermatophytes. Mycoses. 2007 Jan;50(1):31-4.
Key finding: Panomycocin, a 49 kDa glycoprotein with an exo-beta-1,3-glucanase activity, is active in vitro against fungal strains that cause superficial infections and highlighted its probable use as a topical antifungal agent.
How does it help your skin: Beta 1-3 Glucan has a potential use as a topical anti-fungal agent against superficial infections.
"Killer proteins that are produced and secreted into the environment by certain yeast strains are considered as promising antifungal agents. In this study, in vitro activity of Pichia anomala NCYC 434 (K5) killer protein, panomycocin, which is a 49 kDa glycoprotein with an exo-beta-1,3-glucanase activity was tested against 41 isolates of dermatophytes. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by a broth microdilution method based on the reference document M38-A of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI; formerly NCCLS). For panomycocin MIC determinations two end point criteria MIC-2 (prominent growth inhibition) and MIC-0 (complete growth inhibition) were recorded. All the tested isolates (Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp.) were found susceptible to panomycocin. The MIC-2 values ranged from 0.25 to 2 microg ml(-1) and MIC-0 values ranged from 1 to 8 microg ml(-1). These results showed that panomycocin is active in vitro against fungal strains that cause superficial infections and highlighted its probable use as a topical antifungal agent."
Porcu, Marco; Guarna, Francesco PhD; Formentini, Laura; Faraco, Giuseppe; Fossati, Silvia; Mencucci, Rita ; Rapizzi, Emilio; Menchini, Ugo; Moroni, Flavio; Chiarugi, Alberto. Carboxymethyl beta-glucan Binds to Corneal Epithelial Cells and Increases Cell Adhesion to Laminin and Resistance to Oxidative Stress. Cornea. January 2007; 26(1):73-79,.
Key finding: Carboxymethyl beta-glucan (CMG), a water-soluble derivative of yeast beta-glucan, dynamically binds to corneal epithelial cells, promoting cell adhesion and resistance to oxidative stress.
How does it help your skin: Beta glucan offers resistance to damage to proteins, membranes and genes that cause many diseases such as atherosclerosis, cancer, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer disease
"Purpose: Polysaccharides are frequently used as viscoelastic agents to improve pharmacokinetics of ophthalmic preparations. Recently, polysaccharides from yeast cell walls such as beta]glucans have emerged as bioactive molecules endowed with immunomodulatory and cytoprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of carboxymethyl beta-glucan (CMG), a water-soluble derivative of yeast beta-glucan, on cultured rabbit corneal epithelial cells.
Methods: We developed a fluorescein-labeled CMG to visualize its binding to corneal cells by means of digital microscopy and image deconvolution. The effects of CMG on adhesion and survival of corneal epithelial cells exposed to noxious stimuli were also studied.
Results: CMG binds defined regions scattered throughout the body of corneal cells, suggesting binding specificity. Tridimensional reconstruction of fluorescence shows that binding is localized mainly at the plasma and nuclear membranes. Interestingly, CMG binding is highly represented at the level of focal adhesion of cells spreading onto laminin. Accordingly, CMG promotes adhesion of corneal epithelial cells to laminin without affecting their proliferation rate. CMG also protects cells from oxidative stress-dependent cell death, being ineffective in preventing ultraviolet B cytotoxicity.
Conclusions: Data show that CMG dynamically binds to corneal epithelial cells, promoting cell adhesion and resistance to oxidative stress."
Meyer W, Schönnagel B, Fleischer LG. A note on integumental (1-->3)(1-->6)beta-D-glucan permeation, using the porcine ear skin model. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2006 Jun;5(2):130-4.
Key finding: Beta-d-glucans rapidly permeates from a cosmetic formulation into the mammalian epidermis.
How does it help your skin: Beta-d-glucans rapidly pass through the openings in the skin.
"Based on carbohydrate histochemical methods and the porcine ear skin model, the study demonstrates the rapid permeation of (1-->3)(1-->6)beta-d-glucans from a cosmetic formulation into the mammalian epidermis."
Şenera, Gülten Serta, A. Özer Şehirlia, Serap Arbakb, Bahar Uslub, Nursal Gedikc and Gül Ayanoglu-Dulger. Pressure ulcer-induced oxidative organ injury is ameliorated by β-glucan treatment in rats. International Immunopharmacology. 2006 May; 6(5):724-32.
Key finding: Tissue injury was decreased in pressure ulcers in the locally treated group with beta-glucan.
How does it help skin: Beta glucan treatment decreases tissue injury of the skin.
"Pressure ulcers (PU) cause morphological and functional alterations in the skin and visceral organs. In this study we investigated the role of oxidative damage in PUs and the probable beneficial effect of β-glucan treatment against this damage. β-glucan is known to have immunomodulatory effects. Experiments were carried on Wistar albino rats. PU was induced by applying magnets over steel plates that were implanted under the skin, to compress the skin and cause ischemia where removing the magnets cause reperfusion of the tissue. Within the first 12 h, rats were subjected to 5 cycles of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), followed by 12 h ischemia. This protocol was repeated for 3 days. In treatment groups, twice a day during reperfusion periods, β-glucan was either applied locally (25 mg/kg) as an ointment on skin, or administered orally (50 mg/kg) as a gavage. At the end of the experimental periods, tissue samples (skin, liver, kidney, lung, stomach, and ileum) were taken for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) – an index of lipid peroxidation – and glutathione (GSH) – a key antioxidant – levels. Neutrophil infiltration was evaluated by the measurement of tissue myeloperoxidase activity, while collagen contents were measured for the evaluation of tissue fibrosis. Skin tissues were also examined microscopically. Liver and kidney functions were assayed in serum samples. Local treatment with β-glucan inhibited the increase in MDA and MPO levels and the decrease in GSH in the skin induced by PU, but was less efficient in preventing the damage in visceral organs. However, systemic treatment prevented the damage in the visceral organs. Significant increases in creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, LDH and collagen levels in PU group were prevented by β-glucan treatment. The light microscopic examination exhibited significant degenerative changes in dermis and epidermis in the PU group. Tissue injury was decreased especially in the locally treated group. Thus, supplementing geriatric and neurologically impaired patients with adjuvant therapy of β-glucan may have some benefits for successful therapy and improving quality of life."
Hale Z. Toklua, Göksel Şenera, Nermina Jahovicb, Bahar Usluc, Serap Arbakc and Berrak Ç. Yeğen. B-glucan protects against burn-induced oxidative organ damage in rats. International Immunopharmacology. 2006 Feb.; 6(2):156-69.
Key finding: Systemic and local administration of beta-glucan was effective against burn-induced oxidative tissue damage, and has additional antioxidant properties.
How does it help skin : General and local administration of beta glucan is an effective treatment for skin burn injuries.
"Thermal injury may lead to systemic inflammatory response, and multiple organ failure. Generation of reactive oxygen radicals and lipid peroxidation play important roles in burn-induced remote organ injury. In the present study, we investigated the putative protective effect of local or systemic β-glucan treatment on burn-induced remote organ injury. Wistar albino rats were exposed to 90 °C bath for 10 s to induce thermal trauma. β-glucan (3.75 mg/rat locally or 50 mg/kg orally) or saline was administered immediately after the trauma and were repeated twice daily in 48 h groups. Rats were decapitated either 6 or 48 h after burn injury and the skin, lung, liver, ileum and kidney tissues were taken for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) — an index of lipid peroxidation — and glutathione (GSH) — a key antioxidant — levels. Neutrophil infiltration was evaluated by the measurement of tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, while the tumor necrosis factor-greek small letter alpha (TNF-greek small letter alpha) levels were measured in serum samples. Skin tissues were also examined microscopically. Severe skin scald injury (30% of total body surface area) caused significant decreases in GSH levels of the liver and intestinal tissues (p < 0.01–< 0.001), while MDA levels were significantly (p < 0.01–p < 0.001) increased at post-burn 6 and 48 h. Both local and systemic β-glucan treatments significantly reversed (p < 0.01–p < 0.001) the elevations in MDA levels, while reduced GSH levels were reversed back to control levels (p < 0.01–p < 0.001); and the raised MPO levels were significantly decreased (p < 0.05–p < 0.001). The results indicate that both systemic and local administration of β-glucan were effective against burn-induced oxidative tissue damage in the rat. β-glucans, besides their immunomodulatory effects, have additional antioxidant properties. Therefore, β-glucans merit consideration as therapeutic agents in the treatment of burn injuries."
Zulli F, Suter F, Biltz H, Nissen HP. Improving skin function with CM-glucan, a biological response modifier from yeast. Int J Cosmet Sci. 1998 Apr;20(2):79-86.Links
Key finding: CM-glucan (poly beta-( 1-3)-linked glucopyranose) protects skin cells against the depletion of antioxidant molecules upon UV-A irradiation, promotes the growth of keratinocytes, and enhances the renewal rate of the stratum corneum.
How does it help skin: YEAST Beta 1-3 Glucan may help wound healing and protect against UVA skin damage
"Preparations from yeast have been used for a long time for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes. Studies have identified glucan from the cell wall of baker's yeast as an immunologically active agent. Glucan is a poly beta-( 1-3)-linked glucopyranose of high molecular weight and belongs to the class of compounds known as biological response modifiers. Glucan preparations are involved in the activation of the body's natural defence mechanisms and in the acceleration of the skin's wound healing processes. In the skin, Langerhans' cells and keratinocytes are the immunologically competent cells. Recent studies indicate that UV irradiation can deplete the number and viability of these cells (immunosuppression). The use of non-specific immune-stimulators, such as glucan, is a new approach for improving the function of stressed skin. We have developed a process to modify pure glucan from baker's yeast to carboxymethyl glucan (CM-glucan), a water soluble product suitable for topical formulations. The functional properties of this new compound have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. Cell culture experiments showed that CM-glucan protects skin cells against the depletion of antioxidant molecules upon UV-A irradiation and promotes the growth of keratinocytes. In placebo controlled studies with healthy volunteers, the pretreatment of skin with CM-glucan offered substantial protection against skin damage caused by a detergent challenge or UV-A irradiation. In addition, CM-glucan enhanced the renewal rate of the stratum corneum."
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BulkActives are DIY skin care suppliers of skin actives, cosmetic ingredients, cosmeceuticals, active ingredients, and standardized botanical extracts for diy skin care products and homemade cosmetics.
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abstracts menu: Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate, alpha bisabolol, L-Ascorbic Acid, Beta 1-3 Glucan (Yeast), Beta 1-3, 1-4 Glucan (Oat), Boswellia serrata, Carnitine (-L), Coconut Endosperm, Co Q10, DMAE bitartrate, Centella Asiatica, Dimethyl isosorbide, Ellagic acid, Ferulic Acid, Gamma oryzanol, Ginkgo Biloba, Glucosamine (N-acetyl-D),Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins, Green Tea Extract (EGCG), Gynostemma extract, Idebenone, Lecithin (liquid),Magnesium Ascorbyl Phosphate (MAP), Niacinamide, Pomegranate extract, Quercetin ,Resveratrol, Silymarin, Soy Isoflavones, Wild Yam (Diosgenin)